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- An income tax is a tax based on the income of an individual or a business. In the United
- States, personal income tax accounts for approximately 45% of the total tax revenue.i
- Income tax was first used as a temporary method of helping finance the Civil War. Soon
- after the Civil War, the income tax was repealed. Then, in 1913 the 16th amendment was
- ratified to allow income taxation. At its simplest form there are three main types of
- income tax, a progressive tax, a regressive tax, and a proportional tax. A progressive tax
- means that taxpayers will be taxed at a higher percentage rate the higher their incomes
- are. A regressive tax collects a smaller percentage of income the higher the income.
- Lastly, a proportional tax would collect at the same percentage rate for all incomes or a
- flat tax. At present, the American income tax system is, quite frankly, a mess. In my
- opinion, the current tax system is far too complex purely because of present "fair" actions
- to fix past abuses. Confusion, fairness and a lack of simplicity have been the major
- problems associated with the individual. Ex-President Jimmy Carter once called the U.S. tax
- code a disgrace to the human race.ii With tax reform on the lips of many on Capital Hill,
- many different tax reform proposals have floated to the surface. Of the many proposals a
- few standout. A Consumption Tax is one of the more favored tax reforms being discussed by
- politicians and economists alike. It entails paying tax only on that part of your income
- which was spent during the fiscal year. This tax, as discussed in class, is a regressive
- tax due to the fact that the poor spend 95-100% of their income whereas the rich spend a
- much smaller percentage of their income. A Retail Sales Tax is another of the new tax
- proposals being discussed. It consists of a national sales tax of 6-8% coupled with no
- exemptions or any deductions. This tax is also regressive due to the same fact that the
- poor spend the majority of their income while the rich do not. Perhaps the most talked
- about tax reform proposal is the flat tax proposal. The proposed flat tax is being
- spearheaded by Richard Armey the Republican Representative from Texas. A flat tax consists
- of many different aspects that would promise a new way Americans would view taxes, good or
- bad. The flat tax would consist of the following provisions:
- Americans would be taxed at the flat tax rate of 20% for the first three years that the tax
- would be enacted. After the initial three years, the tax would fall to 17%. The tax is
- paid on gross revenue. Taxes would no longer be paid on dividends, capital gains, or
- interest. No deductions from gross income. Deductions for mortgage interest, retirement
- accounts, charitable contributions, moving expenses, and child care would be eliminated.
- Each adult taxpayer would get a personal exemption of $13,100 and $5,300 for each child
- dependent.iii
- There have been several different variations of the same basic idea of a flat tax. In the
- early 1990's, then-presidential candidate Jerry Brown had a slightly different version that
- version contained a flat tax that was lower and more deductions were also included.iv
- Currently a Pennsylvania senator, Arlen Spector, is proposing a flat tax reform that
- resembles that of House of Majority Leader Dick Armey.v Although there are many advocates
- of the flat tax there are still hard line critics. They believe that the tax is a
- regressive one putting the rich and the middle class in the same tax bracket while leaving
- the poor behind. Critics also believe that the flat tax reform being proposed would be to
- "simplistic". Simplicity is, on the other hand, one of the reasons that advocates of the
- flat tax believe it would be so warmly accepted by the American public. Found below is a
- possible tax return that could be the size of a post card.
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- Possible Tax Return
-
- 1. Gross Income __________
- 2. Personal and Dependency Exemptions -__________
- 3. Taxable Income __________
- 4. Taxes Paid (multiply line 3 by 20%/17%) __________
-
-
- Simplicity is only an ends to the means that Armey and others feel will benefit the
- American tax payers and the American government. Mainly, a flat tax would cut down on the
- cost of operating the Internal Revenue System (IRS) which has been estimated as tens of
- billions of dollars. The IRS still can't account for approximately $120 billion in lost
- tax revenue due to underreporting of income and overstating of deductions or exemptions.vi
- With a flat tax there is little leeway with deductions and exemptions so the potential for
- lost revenue is lower. In addition, because of the simplicity of the filing process,
- people who may not have filed in the past may be inspired to fill out the easier form. A
- flat tax, according to Christopher Farrel columnist for Business Week, would "eliminate the
- need for so many tax lawyers and accountants." This new reform would also contain the
- potential for downsizing the IRS. It would also eliminate current spending on record
- keeping IRS audits, and tax preparation fees paid by tax payers.vii Many would argue that
- this is a much lower tax rate for the rich in this country. True indeed, but the idea
- behind this according to Armey is that with the freed up income, the rich will invest back
- into out economy. There is no doubt according to Michael ruby, Co-Editor of U.S. New &
- World Report, that taxes would fall for almost all households in the US. He is quick to
- point out that those households earning more that $200,000 would pay significantly less
- than before the flat tax. Ruby believes that The fairness issue can be addressed by
- creating a second tax bracket as mentioned above. By using a two-bracket approach, the
- fairness issue can be addressed without sacrificing the simplicity to any great extent. To
- build on this, under Armey's flat tax proposal, a family of four can make over $29,000 and
- still pay no taxes whereas now they may pay over $6,000 in taxes.ix Another advantage of
- the flat tax proposal is that people will have more money to spend on health care. The
- government may be able to lower spending with regards to Medicare and other programs such
- as Welfare and some child care programs. There is also strong evidence suggesting that
- reduced tax rates also have the advantages of increasing the incentive to earn income,
- while lowing the incentive for taxpayers to find loopholes. Overall, the Flat Tax Proposal
- is a very intriguing proposal. There seem to be a lot of benefits that are coupled to it,
- but with any proposal, at this point there are still some loopholes associated with it. Of
- the current tax proposals, no one proposal has spurred as much discussion except perhaps a
- national sales tax. Companies such as H&R Block, accountants, and tax lawyers will be sure
- to find on capital hill lobbying against this new easy tax system. The outcome will be
- interesting to see.
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- i Holcombe, Randall G. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Grolier Electronic
- Publishing Inc. 1993 See. Income Tax
-
- ii Michael Ruby. Three Cheers for a Flat Tax, U.S. News & World Report. February 20, 1995
- pp. 76
-
- iii GOP Tax Proposals, INTERNET. Site-http://edf.www.media.mit.edu/taxintro.html SEE Dick
- Armey's Flat Tax Proposal
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- iv Jeff A. Schnepper and Charles J. Santilli. Flat Tax Follies, USA Today. July 1992. pp.
- 27
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- v Malcolm S. Forbes Jr. Fact and Comment: Specter of the Flat Tax, Forbes. March 27, 1995.
- pp. 27
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- vi Christohper Farrell. A Jumble Only a Flat Tax Can Untangle, Business Week. January 9,
- 1995. pp. 39
-
- vii Ibid. pp 39.
-
- viii Ruby, pp. 76
-
- ix Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. 1040NR Forms and Instructions.
- 1995. pp.22
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